"The LinkedIn Self”: How Personality Influences Self-Presentations of LinkedIn Users

Julia Weiss

Antje Glück


Abstract

While the professional network site LinkedIn has gained an immense popularity not only among recruiters but also among job seekers, there is so far little research about factors influencing the presentation of one’s self on LinkedIn. This study investigates what selves are presented on LinkedIn, and how this relates to the Big Five personality traits.                  A mixed-method explanatory design was used to collect primary data. The design consisted of an online questionnaire and semi-structured interviews. In total, 72 questionnaires were analysed, and nine interviews were conducted. A correlation analysis aided in the identification of the relationship between personality traits and the real or ideal self on LinkedIn.The findings suggest that LinkedIn users present their real self more frequently than their ideal or false self. The study identified a correlation between agreeableness and the presentation of a real self on LinkedIn. This raises questions about recruitment processes and a job candidate’s actual personality.

References

Apollo Technical. (2022, 21 March). LinkedIn Users by Country and Statistics (2022). Retrieved from https://www.apollotechnical.com/linkedin-users-by-country/

Babbie, E.R., 2012. The practice of social research. 13th edition. Belmont: Wadsworth.

Back, M.D., Stopfer, J.M., Vazire, S., Gaddis, S., Schmukle, S.C., Egloff, B. and Gosling, S.D., 2010. Facebook profiles reflect actual personality, not self-idealization. Psychological Science [online], 21 (3), 372-374.

Banczyk, B., Krämer, N. and Senokozlieva, M., 2008. “The Wurst” Meets “Fatless” in MySpace: The Relationship Between Self-Esteem, Personality, and Self-Presentation in an online Community [online]. In: International Communication Association (ICA), ed. 58th Annual Conference of the International Communication Association, Montreal 22-26 May 2008. Washington: ICA. Available from: https://convention2.allacademic.com/one/ica/ica08/index.php?click_key=1&cmd=Multi+Searc h+Search+Load+Publication&publication_id=232801&PHPSESSID=tdlb8fpbtq7ci67a93oc30i489 [Accessed 10 February 2021].

Bargh, J.A, McKenna, K.Y.A. and Fitzsimons, G.M., 2002. Can You See the Real Me? Activation and Expression of the “True Self” on the Internet. Journal of Social Issues [online], 58 (1), 33- 48.

Baumeister, R.F., 1982. A self-presentational view of social phenomena. Psychological Bulletin [online], 91 (1), 3-26.

boyd, d.m. and Ellison, N.B., 2007. Social Network Sites: Definition, History and Scholarship. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [online], 13 (1), 210-230.

Brandenberg, G., Ozimek, P., Bierhoff, H.W. and Janker, C., 2019. The relation between use intensity of private and professional SNS, social comparison, self-esteem, and depressive tendencies in the light of self-regulation. Behaviour & Information Technology [online], 38 (6), 578-591.

Braun, V. and Clarke, V., 2006. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology [online], 3 (2), 77-101.

Bridgstock, R., 2019. Employability and career development learning through social media: exploring the potential of LinkedIn. In: Higgs, J., Cork, S. and Horsfall, D., eds. Challenging future practice possibilities [online]. Leiden: Brill Sense, 143-152.

Bronstein, J., 2014. Creating Possible Selves: Information Disclosure Behaviour on Social Networks. Information Research: An international Electronic Journal [online], 19 (1), 19 pp.

Bryman, A., 2015. Social research methods. 5th edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Cole, A.W., 2017. Online Interviews. In: Allen, M., ed. The SAGE Encyclopedia of

Chiang, J. K.-H. & Suen, H.-Y. 2015. Self-presentation and hiring recommendations in online communities: Lessons from Linkedin. Computers in Human Behavior, 48, 516-524.

Correa, T., Hinsley, A.W. and de Zúñiga, H.G., 2010. Who interacts on the Web?: The intersection of users’ personality and social media use. Computers in Human Behavior [online], 26 (2), 247-253.

Creswell, J.W. and Creswell, J.D., 2018. Research design: qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. 5th edition. Los Angeles: SAGE.

Creswell, J.W. and Plano Clark, V.L., 2010. Designing and conducting mixed methods research. 2nd edition. London: SAGE.

Denscombe, M., 2014. The good research guide: for small-scale research projects [online]. 5th edition. Maidenhead, Berkshire: Open University Press.

Domahidi, E., Merkt, M., Thiersch, C., Utz, S., et al. 2022. You Want This Job? Influence and Interplay of Self-Generated Text and Picture Cues in Professional Networking Service Profiles on Expertise Evaluation. Media Psychology, 25, 290-317.

Doyle, L., Brady, A.-M. and Byrne, G., 2016. An overview of mixed methods research-revisited. Journal of Research in Nursing [online], 21 (8), 623-635.

Drory, A., and N. Zaidman. 2007. ‘Impression Management Behavior.’ Journal of Managerial Psychology 22:290–308.

Duffy, B.E., Pruchniewska, U. and Scolere, L., 2017. Platform-Specific Self-Branding: Imagined Affordances of the Social Media Ecology [online]. In: Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), ed. #SMSociety17: Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Social Media & Society, Toronto 28-30 July 2017. New York: ACM. Available from: https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3097286.3097291 [Accessed 27 April 2021].

Eimler, S. C., Drapkina, O., Pfänder, V., Schliwa, D., et al. 2012. Aggression vs. Friendliness? - Gender Differences in Self-Presentation on Business Networking Sites. Conference Papers -- International Communication Association, 1-12.

Festinger, L. (1950). A theory of social comparison. Human Relations, 7, 117–140.

Field, A., 2018. Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics. 5th edition. Los Angeles: SAGE. Fink, A., 2003. The Survey Handbook [online]. 2nd edition. Thousand Oaks; London: SAGE.

Florenthal, B., 2015. Applying uses and gratifications theory to students’ LinkedIn usage. Young Consumers [online], 16 (1) 17-35.

Goffman, E., 1971. The presentation of self in everyday life. Harmondsworth: Penguin.

Gray, D.E., 2018. Doing Research in the Real World. 4th edition. Los Angeles: SAGE.

Guest, G., Namey, E.E. and Mitchell, M.L., 2013. Collecting Qualitative Data: A Field Manual for Applied Research [online]. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications.

Hardof-Jaffe, S., Schwarz, B. and Flum, H., 2020. Accelerated professional identity development through social network sites. Interdisciplinary Journal of E-Learning and Lifelong Learning [online], 16 (1), 65-92.

Johnson, R.B. and Onwuegbuzie, A.J., 2004. Mixed Methods Research: A Research Paradigm Whose Time Has Come. Educational Researcher [online], 33 (7), 14-26.

Jung, D. I., and J. J. Sosik. 2003. ‘Group Potency and Collective Efficacy Examining Their Predictive Validity, Level of Analysis, and Effects of Performance Feedback on Future Group Performance.’ Group and Organization Management 28 (3): 366–91.

Kim, J.Y., 2018. A study of social media users’ perceptional typologies and relationships to self- identity and personality. Internet Research [online], 28 (3), 767-784.

Krings, F., Gioaba, I., Kaufmann, M., Sczesny, S., et al. 2021. Older and younger job seekers' impression management on LinkedIn: Similar strategies, different outcomes. Journal of Personnel Psychology, 20, 61-74.

Kuznekoff, J.H., 2013. Comparing impression management strategies across social media platforms. In: Cunningham, C., ed. Social networking and impression management: self- presentation in the digital age [online]. Lanham: Lexington Books, 15-34.

Leary, M.R. and Kowalski, R.M., 1990. Impression management: a literature review and two- component model. Psychological Bulletin [online], 107 (1), 34-47.

LinkedIn, 2022a. LinkedIn’s Economic Graph: A digital representation of the global economy [online]. Sunnyvale: LinkedIn. Available from: https://economicgraph.linkedin.com/ [Accessed 20 November 2022].

LinkedIn, 2022b. About LinkedIn [online]. Sunnyvale: LinkedIn. Available from: https://about.linkedin.com [Accessed 20 November 2022].

LinkedIn 2021. Names Allowed on Profiles [online]. Sunnyvale: LinkedIn. Available from: https://www.linkedin.com/help/linkedin/answer/28422/names-allowed-on-profiles?lang=en [Accessed 16 February 2021].

LinkedIn, 2015. Profile Photo Guidelines and Conditions [online]. Sunnyvale: LinkedIn. Available from: https://www.linkedin.com/help/linkedin/answer/430/profile-photo-guidelines-and- conditions?lang=en [Accessed 05 May 2021].

Liu, D. and Baumeister, R.F., 2016. Social networking online and personality of self-worth: a meta-analysis. Journal of Research in Personality [online], 64 (October 2016), 79-89.

Markus, H.R. and Nurius, P., 1986. Possible Selves. American Psychologist [online], 41 (9), 954- 969.

Marriott, T.C. and Buchanan, T., 2014. The true self online: Personality correlates of preference for self-expression online, and observer ratings of personality online and offline. Computer in Human Behavior [online], 32 (March 2014), 171-177.

Matthews, B. and Ross, L., 2010. Research methods: a practical guide for the social sciences [online]. New York: Pearson Longman.

Merunkova, L. and Slerka, J., 2019. Goffman’s theory as a framework for analysis of self presentation on online social networks. Masaryk University Journal of Law and Technology [online], 13 (2), 243-276.

Michikyan, M., Dennis, J. and Subrahmanyam, K., 2015. Can You Guess Who I Am? Real, Ideal, and False Self-presentation on Facebook Among Emerging Adults. Emerging Adulthood [online], 3 (1), 55-64.

Michikyan, M., Subrahmanyam, K. and Dennis, J., 2014. Can you tell who I am? Neuroticism, extraversion, and online self-presentation among young adults. Computers in Human Behavior [online], 33 (April 2014), 179-183.

Paliszkiewicz, J. and Madra-Sawicka, M., 2016. Impression Management in Social Media: The Example of LinkedIn. Management [online], 11 (3), 203-212.

Papacharissi, Z. 2009. The virtual geographies of social networks: A comparative analysis of Facebook, Linkedin and ASmallWorld. New Media & Society, 11, 199-220.

Pardim, V. I., Pinochet, L. H. C., Souza, C. A. & Viana, A. B. N. 2022. The behavior of young people at the beginning of their career through LinkedIn. O comportamento dos jovens em início de carreira por meio do LinkedIn., 23, 1-28.

Rammstedt, B. and John, O.P., 2007. Measuring personality in one minute or less: A 10-item short version of the Big Five Inventory in English and German. Journal of Research in Personality [online], 41 (1), 203-212.

Rui, J. R. 2018. Objective evaluation or collective self-presentation: What people expect of LinkedIn recommendations. Computers in Human Behavior, 89, 121-128.

Schlenker, B.R. and Pontari, B.A., 2000. The strategic control of information: impression management and self-presentation in daily life. In: Tesser, A., Felson, R.B. and Suls J.M., eds. Psychological perspectives on self and identity. Washington: American Psychological Association, 199-232.

Schroeder, A.N. and Cavanaugh, J.M., 2018. Fake it ‘til you make it: Examining faking ability on social media pages. Computers in Human Behavior [online], 84 (July 2018), 29-35.

Seidman, G., 2013. Self-presentation and belonging on Facebook: How personality influences social media use and motivations. Personality and Individual Differences [online], 54 (3), 402- 407.

Seidman, I., 2019. Interviewing as qualitative research: a guide for researchers in education and the social sciences [online]. New York: Teachers College Press.

Sievers, K., Wodzicki, K., Aberle, I., Keckeisen, M. and Cress, U., 2015. Self-presentation in professional networks: More than just window dressing. Computers in Human Behavior [online], 50 (September 2015), 25-30.

Starcic, A.I., Barrow, M., Zajc, M. and Lebenicnik, M., 2017. Students’ Attitudes on Social Network Sites and their Actual Use for Career Management Competences and Professional Identity Development. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning [online], 12 (5), 65-81

Statista. 2022. UK: LinkedIn users 2022, by age group [Online]. Statista. Available: https://www.statista.com/statistics/278322/age-distribution-of-linkedin-users-in-great-britain/#statisticContainer [Accessed 20 November 2022].

Thakkar, R., 2022. Top 100 Hiring Statistics for 2022 [online]. Sunnyvale: LinkedIn. Available from: https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/top-100-hiring-statistics-2022-rinku-thakkar [Accessed 1 December 2022].

Tifferet, S. & Vilnai-Yavetz, I. 2018. Self-presentation in LinkedIn portraits: Common features, gender, and occupational differences. Computers in Human Behavior, 80, 33-48.

Turkle, S., 1999. Cyberspace and Identity. Contemporary Sociology [online], 28 (6), 643-648.

van de Ven, N., Bogaert, A., Serlie, A., Brandt, M.J. and Denissen, J.J.A., 2017. Personality perception based on LinkedIn profiles. Journal of Managerial Psychology [online], 32 (6), 418- 429.

van Dijck, J., 2013. ‘You have one identity’: performing the self on Facebook and LinkedIn. Media, Culture and Society [online], 35 (2), 199-215.

Zheng, A., Duff, B.R.L., Vargas, P. and Yao, M.Z., 2020. Self-presentation on social media: when self-enhancement confronts self-verification. Journal of Interactive Advertising [online], 20 (3), 289-302.

Zide, J., Elman, B. and Shahani-Denning, C., 2014. LinkedIn and recruitment: how profiles differ across occupations. Employee Relations [online], 36 (5), 583-604.