Brand Identity and Brand Image in Film Brands: A case study of J.K. Rowling’s Wizarding World
Leo Jordan
BU
Jill Quest
Abstract
This study explores brand identity, brand image and their relationship within the modern film brand of J.K. Rowling’s Wizarding World (JKRWW). The research builds upon literature into media and film brands (e.g. O'Reilly and Kerrigan 2013; Andreea 2013; Farhana 2014) as well as applying the body of academia around the relationship of brand identity and brand image (e.g. Aaker 1991; Kapferer 2004; de Chernatony 1999; Nandan 2005) to the area of film brands. A qualitative methodology is adopted consisting of ten in-depth interviews, three with film managers to understand brand identity, and seven with film consumers to understand brand image. Findings reveal the importance of the writer in the creation of JKRWW’s film brand identity and highlight how consumers relate to the brand’s characters regarding the brand image. There is a strong congruence between identity and image within the JKRWW brand which is to be recommended within film branding.References
Aaker, D. and Joachimsthaler, E., 2000. Brand Leadership. New York: Free Press.
Aaker, D., 1991. Managing Brand Equity. San Francisco: Jossey Bass.
Aaker, D., 1996. Building strong brands. London: Simon & Schuster, Free Press.
Aaker, J. L., 1997. Dimensions of Brand Personality. Journal of Marketing Research, 34 (3), 346-356.
Alderton, Z., 2014. ‘Snapewives’ and ‘Snapeism’: A Fiction-Based Religion within the Harry Potter Fandom. Religions, 5 (1), 219-267.
Andreea, C., 2013. Exploring Kapferer’s Brand Identity Prism Applicability in Theatre. International Journal of Advances in Management and Economics, 2 (2), 18-23.
Bernstein, J. S., 2007. Arts Marketing Insights: The Dynamics of. San Francisco: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Bloomberg, 2007. Film Franchises Ensure Hollywood Success. New York: Bloomberg. Available from: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2007-08-08/film-franchises-ensure-hollywood-successbusinessweek-business-news-stock-market-and-financial-advice [Accessed 3 February 2017].
Brown, S. and Patterson, A., 2010. Selling stories: Harry Potter and the marketing plot. Psychology & Marketing, 27 (6), 541-556.
Brown, S., 2001. Marketing for Muggles: Harry Potter and the Retro Revolution. Journal of Marketing Management, 17 (5), 463-479.
Brown, S., Kozinets, R, V. and Sherry Jr, J, F., 2003. Teaching old brands new tricks: retro branding and the revival of brand meaning. Journal of Marketing, 67 (3), 19–33.
Bullmore, J., 1984. The Brand and its Image Revisited. International Journal of Advertising, 3, 235-238.
Burmann, C., Jost-benz, M. and Riley, N., 2009. Towards an identity-based brand equity model. Journal of Business Research, 62 (3), 390–397.
Chan-Olmsted, S. and Kim, Y., 2001. Perceptions of Branding among Television Station Managers: An Exploratory Analysis. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 45 (1), 75-91.
Chan-Olmsted, S., 2011. Media branding in a changing world: Challenges and opportunities 2.0. The International Journal on Media Management, 13, 3-19.
Collider, 2016. How ‘Harry Potter’ Became An Escapist Saga for Millennials in a Post-9/11 World. Collider, Available from: http://collider.com/harry-potter-impact-on-millennials-post-911/ [Accessed 13 February 2017].
Cresswell, J. W., 2007. Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches. 2nd ed. California: SAGE.
da Silveira, C., Lages, C. and Simões, C., 2013. Reconceptualising brand identity in a dynamic environment. Journal of Business Research, 66 (1), 28–36.
de Chernatony, L., 1999. Brand Management through Narrowing the Gap between Brand Identity and Brand Reputation. Journal of Marketing Management, 15 (1-3), 157–79.
Dibb, S., Simkin, L., Pride, W.M. and Ferrell, O.C., 1997, Marketing: Concepts and Strategies. 3rd ed. Houghton Mifflin: Boston.
Dichter, E., 1985. What's In An Image. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 2 (1), 75-81.
Dobni, D. and Zinkhan, G.M., 1990. In Search of Brand Image: A Foundation Analysis. Advances in Consumer Research, 17, 110-119.
Dorigato, L., Philip, G., Bongelli, R. and Zuczkowski, A., 2015. Knowing, Unknowing, Believing stances and characters' dialogic identities in the Harry Potter books. Language & Dialogue, 5 (1), 62-89.
Doyle, G., 2015. Brands in International and Multi-Platform Expansion Strategies. In:
Dupont, N. and Augros, J., 2003. Cinema and Marketing: When Cultural Demands Meet Industrial Practices. InMedia, The French Journal of Media and Media Representations in the English-Speaking World, 3, 1-7.
Easterby-Smith, M., Thorpe, R., Jackson, P. and Lowe, A., 2008. Management Research. 3rd ed. London: Sage.
Faircloth, J., Capella, L. and Alford, B., 2001. The Effect of Brand Attitude and Brand Image on Brand Equity, Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 9 (3), 61-75.
Farhana, M., 2014. Implication of Brand Identity Facets on Marketing Communication of Lifestyle Magazine: Case Study of A Swedish Brand. Journal of Applied Economics and Business Research, 4 (1), 23-41.
Feldt, L., 2016. Harry Potter and Contemporary Magic: Fantasy Literature, Popular Culture, and the Representation of Religion. Journal of Contemporary Religion, 31 (1), 101-114.
Galpin, S., 2016. Harry Potter and the Hidden Heritage Films: Genre Hybridity and the Power of the Past in the Harry Potter Film Cycle. Journal of British Cinema & Television, 13 (3), 430-449.
Gardner, B. G. and Levy, S. J., 1955. Harvard Business Review. The Product and the Brand, 33-39.
Garrahan, M., 2014. The rise and rise of the Hollywood film franchise. Financial Times, 12 December 2014, Available from: https://www.ft.com/content/192f583e-7fa7-11e4-adff-00144feabdc0
Gerth, M., 2010. Brand management of small regional media companies. European Media Management Education Association annual conference on The Changing Ecology of the Media. London: European Media Management Education Association.
Given, L. M., 2008. The Sage encyclopedia of qualitative research methods. USA: Sage Publications.
Ghodeswar, B. M., 2008. Building brand identity in competitive markets: a conceptual model. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 17 (1), 4-12.
Graeff, T.R., 1997. Consumption Situations and the Effects of Brand Image on Consumers' Brand Evaluations. Psychology & Marketing, 14, 49-70.
Grainge, P., 2007. Brand Hollywood: Selling Entertainment in a Global Media Age. London: Routledge.
Guzmán, F. and Paswan, A. K., 2009. Cultural Brands from Emerging Markets: Brand Image Across Host and Home Countries. Journal of International Marketing, 17 (3), 71-86.
Hatch, M. J. and Schultz, M., 2004. Organisational Identity. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Hjort, M., 2012. Film and Risk. Michigan: Wayne State University Press.
Janonis, V., DovalienÄ—,, A. and VirvilaitÄ—, R., 2007. Relationship of Brand Identity and Image. Engineering Economics, 1 (51), 69-80.
Kapferer J. N., 2004. The new strategic brand management: Creating and sustaining brand equity long term. 3rd ed. Kogan Page: London.
Kapferer, J. N., 1986. Beyond positioning, retailer’s identity. Brussels: ESOMAR.
Karlsson, M. and Olin-Scheller, C., 2015. 'Let's party!' Harry Potter fan fiction sites as social settings for narrative gender constructions. Gender & Language, 9 (2), 167-188.
Keller, K. and Lehmann, D., 2006. Brands and Branding: Research Findings and Future Priorities. Marketing Science, 25 (6), 740-759.
Keller, K. L., 1993. Conceptualizing, measuring, and managing customer-based brand equity. Journal of Marketing, 57 (1), 1-22.
Konecnik, M. and Go, F., 2008. Tourism destination brand identity: The case of Slovenia. Journal of Brand Management, 15 (3), 177–189.
Kotler, P., 1993. Marketing Management: Analysis, Planning, Implementation and Control. 8th ed. United States: Prentice Hall.
Küng, L., 2007. Does Media Management Matter? Establishing the Scope, Rationale and Future Research Agenda for the Discipline. Journal of Media Business Studies, 4 (1), 21-39.
Lincoln, Y.S. and Guba, E.G., 1985. Naturalistic Inquiry. Newbury Park: SAGE.
Lutz, R. J., 1991. The Role of Attitude Theory In Marketing. In: Kassarjian, H. H. and Robertson, T.S. (eds) Perspectives in Consumer Behaviour 3rd ed. Englewoods Cliffs NJ: Prentice Hall.
Malhotra, N.K. and Birks, D.F., 2006. Marketing Research: An applied approach. 3rd ed. Harlow: Prentice Hall
Miles, J. and Huberman, M., 1994. Quantitative Data Analysis. UK: Sage Publications.
Meenaghan, T., 1995. The role of advertising in brand image development, Journal of Product & Brand Management, 4 (4), 23–34.
Mintel, 2016. Cinemas - UK - November 2016. London: Mintel Group. Available from: http://academic.mintel.com/display/748820/
Nandan, S., 2005. An exploration of the brand identity–brand image linkage: A communications perspective. Journal of Brand Management, 12 (4), 264–278.
O'Reilly, D. and Kerrigan, F., 2013. A view to a brand: introducing the film brandscape, European Journal of Marketing, 47 (5), 769 – 789.
Patton, M. Q., 1990. Qualitative Evaluation And Research Methods. 2nd ed. USA: Sage.
Proctor, T., 2005. Essentials of marketing research. 4th Edition. UK: Pearson Education Limited.
Roth, M. and Romeo, J., 1992. Matching Product Category and Country Image Perceptions: A Framework for Managing Country-Of-Origin Effects, Journal of International Business Studies, 23 (3), 477-489.
Roy, D. and Banerjee, S., 2014. Identification and measurement of brand identity and image gap: a quantitative approach, Journal of Product & Brand Management, 23 (3), 207 – 219.
Siegert, G., Förster, K. and Chan-Olmsted, S., 2015. Handbook of Media Branding. New York: Springer.
Siegert, G., Gerth, M. A. and Rademacher, P., 2011. Brand identity-driven decision making by journalists and media managers — The MBAC model as a theoretical framework. International Journal on Media Management, 13 (1), 53-70.
Sommer, C., 2015. Media Brand and the Advertising Market. In: Siegert, G., Förster, K. and Chan-Olmsted, S., eds. Handbook of Media Branding. New York: Springer, 97-110.
Thompson, C.J. and Arsel, Z., 2004, The Starbucks brandscape and consumers’ (anti-corporate) experiences of globalization, Journal of Consumer Research, 31, 631-43.
Time, 2016. Harry Potter's $25 Billion Magic Spell. Time, 6 April 2016, Available from: http://time.com/money/4279432/billion-dollar-spell-harry-potter/ [Accessed 25 April 2017].
Walser, M., 2004. Brand Strength: Building and Testing Models Based on Experiential Information. Washington: Island Press