How Successful Have Lobbyists Been at Influencing State and National Policy to Further the Completion of the Dakota Access Pipeline, Since the 2008 US Election?
Benjamin Piper
David McQueen
Bournemouth University
Abstract
This study sets out to investigate a contemporary example of lobbying, by enquiring as to whether lobbyists have successfully influenced state and national policy which furthered the completion of the Dakota Access Pipeline since 2008. This involves an analysis of campaign contributions made to key federal candidates by organisations related to the pipeline. The results of this analysis, suggests that lobbyists have been highly successful in influencing policy which led to the completion of the pipeline. The data collected in this study, highlights lobbyists use of "natural allies" with "proximate objectives" (Hall and Deardoff 2006, p.69), creating a network of allies, to enable the completion of the pipeline. The study raises concerns over the nature of President Trump's relationship with the 'Energy Transfer Partners' CEO, Kelcy Warren. Campaign funding and apparent conflicts of interest at state and national level and their impact on the democratic process are explored, including whether President Trump's personal investments may have played a significant role in influencing his policy decisions concerning the pipeline. This study helps provide an insight into modern lobbying, revealing the power and influence money, through campaign finance, has in the democratic system.References
Advisory Council on Historic Preservation (ACHP), 2013. Section 106 Regulations Summary [online]. Washington DC: ACHP. Available from: http://www.achp.gov/106summary.html [Accessed 16 April 2017].
BBC, 2016. US election: Trump wins enough delegates for Republican nomination. BBC [online], 26 May 2016. Available from: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-36392084 [Accessed 27 April 2017].
Beder, S., 2006. Suiting Themselves: How Corporations Drive the Global Agenda. London: Earthscan.
Benoit, D., 2007. The Best-Kept Secret: Women, Corporate Lobbyists, Policy and Power in the United States. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.
Brodwin, E., 2016. People at the front lines of the battle over a 1886-km US oil pipeline are calling it a 'death sentence'. Business Insider [online], 02 November 2016. Available from: http://uk.businessinsider.com/north-dakota-access-pipeline-protest-drinking-water-2016-10 [Accessed 14 April 2017].
Bukhari, J., 2017. This Stock Is Soaring On Trump's Dakota Pipeline Deal. Fortune [online], 25 January 2017. Available from: http://fortune.com/2017/01/25/trump-stock-dakota-pipeline/ [Accessed 19 May 2017].
Business Wire, 2014. Energy Transfer Announces Crude Oil Pipeline Project Connecting Bakken Supplies to Patoka, Illinois and to Gulf Coast Markets. Business Wire [online], 25 June 2014. Available from: http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20140625006184/en/Energy-Transfer-Announces-Crude-Oil-Pipeline-Project [Accessed 4 April 2017].
Cama, T., 2017. House GOP to prioritize ethanol, pipeline legislation. The Hill [online], 1 March 2017. Available from: http://thehill.com/policy/energy-environment/321854-house-gop-to-prioritize-ethanol-pipeline-legislation [Accessed 18 May 2017].
Cave, T. and Rowell, A., 2014. A quiet word: lobbying, crony capitalism and broken politics in Britain. London: The Bodley Head.
Center for Responsive Politics (CRP), 2017. Washington DC: The Center for Responsive Politics. Available from: http://www.opensecrets.org/ [Various articles accessed April 2017].
Chen, H., Parsley, D. and Yang, Y., 2015. Corporate Lobbying and Firm Performance. Journal of Business Finance & Accounting [online], 42 (3), 444-481.
Citizens United v. Federal Election Committee., 558 U.S. 310 (2010).
Cohn, M., 2016. The Dakota Pipeline: The Human Right to Water at Standing Rock. Global Research [online], 03 November 2016. Available from: http://www.globalresearch.ca/the-dakota-pipeline-the-human-right-to-water-at-standing-rock/5555110 [Accessed 14 April 2017].
Congressional Digest., 2016. Dakota Access Pipeline. Congressional Digest, 95 (10), 12.
Cook, J., 2016. North Dakota's Governor Declared a State of Emergency to Deal With Peaceful Oil Pipeline Protesters. We Call it a State of Emergency for Civil Rights. American Civil Liberties Union [online], 13 September 2016. Available from: https://www.aclu.org/blog/speak-freely/north-dakotas-governor-declared-state-emergency-deal-peaceful-oil-pipeline [Accessed 18 May 2017].
Crockett, Z., 2017. Donald Trump is the only US President ever with no political or military experience. Vox [online], 23 January 2017. Available from: http://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2016/11/11/13587532/donald-trump-no-experience [Accessed 27 April 2017].
Dakota Access LLC, 'North Dakota Public Service Commission Combined Application for Certificate of Corridor Compatibility and Route Permit' (Dakota Access Pipeline Project, December 2014) <http://www.psc.nd.gov/database/documents/14-0842/001-030.pdf> accessed 5 May 2017
DeKieffer, D. E., 2007. The Citizen's Guide to Lobbying Congress. Chicago: Independent Publishers Group.
Democracy Now, 2016. North Dakota: Governor Calls Out National Guard over Pipeline Protests. Democracy Now [online], 9 September 2016. Available from: https://www.democracynow.org/2016/9/9/headlines/north_dakota_governor_calls_out_national_guard_over_pipeline_protests [Accessed 18 May 2017].
Democratic Party of Wisconsin, 2016. Wisconsin Democrats Join Speaker Paul Ryan's Call for Donald Trump to Release His Tax Returns [online]. Wisconsin: Democratic Party of Wisconsin. Available from: http://www.wisdems.org/news/wisconsin-democrats-join-speaker-paul-ryans-call-for-donald-trump-to-release-his-tax-returns [Accessed 27 April 2017].
Department of Energy (DOE), 2017. Environmental Impact Statement Explained [online]. Washington DC: DOE. Available from: https://energy.gov/nepa/environmental-impact-statement-explained [Accessed 13 April 2017].
Department of Justice (DOJ), 2016. Justice News [online]. Washington DC: DOJ. Available from: https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/joint-statement-department-justice-department-army-and-department-interior-regarding-standing [Accessed 4 April 2017].
Elizabeth Warren, 2017. Levelling The Playing Field [online]. Washington DC: Elizabeth for MA. Available from: http://elizabethwarren.com/issues/leveling-the-playing-field [Accessed 18 May 2017].
Energy Transfer and Sunoco Logistics, 2016. Energy Transfer and Sunoco Logistics Announce Sale of Minority Stake in Bakken Pipeline Project to Enbridge and Marathon Petroleum [online]. Dallas: Energy Transfer.
Energy Transfer Partners, 2016. Energy Transfer, Sunoco Logistics and Phillips 66 Announce Successful Completion of Project Financing for Bakken Pipeline Joint Ventures [online]. Dallas: Energy Transfer.
Energy Transfer Partners, 2016. Press Release [online]. Dallas: Energy Transfer Partners. Available from: http://ir.energytransfer.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=106094&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=2227348 [Accessed 4 April 2017].
Energy Transfer, 2017. Biography [online]. Dallas: Energy Transfer. Available from: http://governance.energytransfer.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=106094&p=irol-govBio&ID=208428 [Accessed 27 April 2017].
Energy Transfer, 2017. Ownership Overview [online]. Dallas: Energy Transfer. Available from: http://www.energytransfer.com/ownership_overview.aspx [Accessed 24 April 2017].
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 2017. National Environmental Policy Act Review Process [online]. Washington DC: EPA. Available from: https://www.epa.gov/nepa/national-environmental-policy-act-review-process [Accessed 13 April 2017].
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 2017. Summary of the Clean Water Act [online]. Washington DC: EPA. Available from: https://www.epa.gov/laws-regulations/summary-clean-water-act [Accessed 13 April 2017].
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 2017. Summary of the National Environmental Policy Act [online]. Washington DC: EPA. Available from: https://www.epa.gov/laws-regulations/summary-national-environmental-policy-act [Accessed 13 April 2017].
Exec. Order No. 13,766, 82 Fed. Reg. 8657 (Jan. 24, 2017).
Faccio, M., 2006. Politically Connected Firms. The American Economic Review [online], 96 (1), 369-386.
Fallon, E., 2016. Iowa landowners Document Construction Violations by Dakota Access Pipeline. Bold Iowa [online], 5 October 2016. Available from: http://boldiowa.org/2016/10/05/iowa-landowners-document-construction-violations-by-dakota-access-pipeline/ [Accessed 28 April 2017].
Fang, L., 2012. Environmental Review Problems of Cross-Border Projects Under NEPA: Lessons from the Tar Sands Pipelines. Stanford Environmental Law Journal [online], 31, 285-313.
Federal Election Committee (FEC), 2016. Contribution Limits for 2015-2016 Federal Elections [online], Washington DC: Federal Election Committee. Available from: http://www.fec.gov/info/contriblimitschart1516.pdf [Accessed 1 May 2017].
Federal Election Committee (FEC), 2016. Page by Page Report Display (Page 419 of 484) [online], Washington DC: Federal Election Committee. Available from: http://docquery.fec.gov/cgi-bin/fecimg/?201607159020646897 [Accessed 27 April 2017].
Federal Election Committee (FEC), 2016. Page by Page Report Display (Page 93238 of 98907) [online], Washington DC: Federal Election Committee. Available from: http://docquery.fec.gov/cgi-bin/fecimg/?201610129032391099 [Accessed 27 April 2017].
Federal Election Committee (FEC), 2016. Page by Page Report Display (Page 4655 of 8536) [online], Washington DC: Federal Election Committee. Available from: http://docquery.fec.gov/cgi-bin/fecimg/?201609129030784797 [Accessed 27 April 2017].
Federal Election Committee (FEC), 2016. Page by Page Report Display (Page 4781 of 8662) [online], Washington DC: Federal Election Committee. Available from: http://docquery.fec.gov/cgi-bin/fecimg/?201608209023465010 [Accessed 27 April 2017].
Flegenheimer, M. and Barbaro, M., 2016. Donald Trump Is Elected President in Stunning Repudiation of the Establishment. The New York Times [online], 9 November 2016. Available from: https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/09/us/politics/hillary-clinton-donald-trump-president.html?_r=0 [Accessed 19 May 2017].
Free Dictionary, 2017. Eminent Domain [online]. Pennsylvania: Farlex Inc. Available from: http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/eminent+domain [Accessed 28 April 2017].
Gajanan, M., 2016. U.S. Army Denies Permit for Dakota Access Pipeline Construction. Time [online], 4 December 2016. Available from: http://time.com/4589991/dapl-us-army-permit-standing-rock/ [Accessed 28 April 2017].
Garcia, F., 2017. Donald Trump Signs Executive Actions to Push Through Dakota Access and Keystone XL Pipelines. The Independent [online], 24 January 2017. Available from: http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/donald-trump-push-forward-dakota-access-keystone-xl-pipelines-standing-rock-protest-executive-orders-a7543711.html [Accessed 15 May 2017].
Gay, J., Shepherd, O., Thyden, M. and Whitman, M., 2010. The Health Effects of Oil Contamination: A Compilation of Research [online]. Worcester: Worcester Polytechnic Institute.
Gottlieb, S. E., 1989. The Dilemma of Election Campaign Finance Reform. Hofstra Law Review. 18 (2), 213-300.
Graziano, L., 2001. Lobbying, Pluralism and Democracy. Basingstoke: Palgrave.
Hall, R. and Deardorff, A., 2006. Lobbying as Legislative Subsidy. American Political Science Review, 100 (1), 69–84.
Holman, C., 2016. Do We Really Need Campaign Finance Reform? Zócalo Public Square [online], 19 January 2016. Available from: http://time.com/4182502/campaign-finance-reform/ [Accessed 18 May 2017].
Jewell, S., 2017. My Thoughts on the Corps' decision to grant an easement for the Dakota Access Pipeline #DAPL. Twitter SallyJewell [online]. 8 February 2017. Available from: https://twitter.com/sallyjewell/status/829400583266267136 [Accessed 28 April 2017].
Jezer, M. and Miller, E., 1994. Money Politics: Campaign Finance and the Subversion of American Democracy. Notre Dame Journal of Law, Ethics & Public Policy [online], 8 (2), 467-498.
John Thune, 2017. Committee Assignments [online]. South Dakota: John Thune. Available from: https://www.thune.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/biography [Accessed 24 April 2017].
John Thune, 2017. Energy [online]. South Dakota: John Thune. Available from: https://www.thune.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/energy [Accessed 24 April 2017].
Kabir Hassan, M., Unsal, O. and Zirek, D., 2016. Corporate lobbying, CEO political ideology and firm and performance. Journal of Corporate Finance [online], 38, 126-149.
Kevin Cramer, 2015. Cramer Statement on President Obama's Rejection of Keystone XL Pipeline. Kevin Cramer [online], 6 November 2015. Available from: https://cramer.house.gov/media-center/press-releases/cramer-statement-on-president-obamas-rejection-of-keystone-xl-pipeline [Accessed 18 May 2017].
Kevin Cramer., 2017. 2017 01 31 DAPL Easement Statement [video, online]. YouTube. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OObmUa4nkqs [Accessed 18 May 2017].
Kormann, C., 2017. For The Protesters At Standing Rock, Its Back To Pipeline Purgatory. The New Yorker [online], 3 February 2017. Available from: http://www.newyorker.com/tech/elements/for-the-protesters-at-standing-rock-its-back-to-pipeline-purgatory [Accessed 18 May 2017].
Lessig., L. 2012. The Founders Versus the Funders. The Progressive [online], 12 September 2012. Available from: http://progressive.org/magazine/founders-versus-funders/ [Accessed 18 May 2017].
Levitt, J., 2010. Confronting the Impact of Citizens United. Yale Law & Policy Review, 29 (1), 217-234.
Library of Congress, 2012. Dr. David Gill for Congress [online]. Washington DC: US Congress. Available from: http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20120516184150/http://www.gill2012.com/issues_summary [Accessed 18 May 2017].
Library of Congress, 2014. Ann Callis for Congress [online]. Washington DC: US Congress. Available from: http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20140701202037/http://www.callisforillinois.com/issues [Accessed 18 May 2017].
Library of Congress, 2014. Michael Mason for Congress [online]. Washington DC: US Congress. Available from: http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20140429175029/http://michaelmasonforcongress.com/issues/the-environment-and-climate-disruption/ [Accessed 18 May 2017].
Library of Congress, 2017. Creating the United States: Consent of the Governed [online]. Washington DC: US Congress. Available from: https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/creating-the-united-states/interactives/declaration-of-independence/consent/index.html [Accessed 24 May 2017].
LittleSis, 2016. Who's Banking on the Dakota Access Pipeline? [online]. USA: Little Sis. Available from: https://littlesis.org/maps/1634-who-s-banking-on-the-dakota-access-pipeline [Accessed 24 April 2017].
Lord, M. D., 2000. Constituency-based Lobbying as Corporate Political Strategy: Testing an Agency Theory Perspective. Business & Politics [online], 2 (3), 289-308.
Lowenstein, D. H., 1989. On Campaign Finance Reform: The Root of All Evil is Deeply Rooted. Hofstra Law Review [online]. 18 (2), 301-367.
Mathur, I., Singh, M., Thompson, F. and Nejadmalayeri, A., 2013. Corporate Governance and Lobbying Strategies. Journal of Business Research [online], 66, 547-553.
Market Watch, 2017. Energy Transfer Partners L.P. [online]. Market Watch. Available from: http://www.marketwatch.com/investing/stock/etp [Accessed 19 May 2017].
Market Watch, 2017. Marathon Petroleum Corp. [online]. Market Watch. Available from: http://www.marketwatch.com/investing/stock/mpc [Accessed 19 May 2017].
Market Watch, 2017. Phillip 66 [online]. Market Watch. Available from: http://www.marketwatch.com/investing/stock/psx [Accessed 19 May 2017].
Mayer, L. H., 2008. What Is This Lobbying That We Are So Worried About?. Yale Law & Policy Review [online], 26 (2), 485-566.
McBride, J., 2016. Dakota Access Pipeline Maps & Routes: Where Would It Go?. Heavy [online], 10 September 2016. Available from: http://heavy.com/news/2016/09/dakota-access-pipeline-map-route-protests-dogs-state-north-dakota-illinois-south-iowa-counties-standing-rock-native-american-jill-stein/ [Accessed 27 April 2017].
Meyer, R., 2016. The Legal Case for Blocking the Dakota Access Pipeline. The Atlantic [online], 09 September 2016. Available from: https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2016/09/dapl-dakota-sitting-rock-sioux/499178/ [Accessed 14 April 2017].
Meyer, R., 2016. The Obama Administration Temporarily Blocks the Dakota Access Pipeline. The Atlantic [online], 9 September 2016. Available from: https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2016/09/the-obama-administration-temporarily-blocks-the-dakota-access-pipeline/499454/ [Accessed 4 April 2017].
Meyer, R., 2017. Trump's Dakota Access Pipeline Memo: What We Know Right Now. The Atlantic [online], 24 January 2017. Available from: https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2017/01/trumps-dakota-access-pipeline-memo-what-we-know-right-now/514271/ [Accessed 4 April 2017].
National Conference of State Historic Preservation Officers (NCSHPO), 2017. National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 [online]. Washington DC: NCSHPO. Available from: http://ncshpo.org/resources/national-historic-preservation-act-of-1966/ [Accessed 16 April 2017].
National Park Service (NPS), 2012. National Historic Preservation Act, Section 106 [online]. Washington DC: U.S. Department of the Interior. Available from: https://www.nps.gov/history/tribes/Documents/106.pdf [Accessed 16 April 2017].
Nichols, J. and McChesney R. W., 2013. Dollarocracy. New York: Nation Books.
NoDAPL, 2017. NoDAPL [online]. Available from: https://twitter.com/NoDAPL?lang=en [Accessed 18 May 2017].
North Dakota Legislative Council Staff, 2000. National Environmental Policy Act and Treaty Implications of Projects Such as A Devils Lake Outlet - The Role of the Environmental Protection Agency in Projects Such As A Devils Lake Outlet. North Dakota: North Dakota Legislative Council. Report 19145.
Nye, J. S., 1967. Corruption and Political Development: A Cost-Benefit Analysis. American Political Science Review [online], 61 (2), 417-427.
On The Issues, 2016. John Thune [online]. Massachusetts: On The Issues. Available from: http://www.ontheissues.org/Senate/John_Thune.htm [Accessed 18 May 2017].
Parfomak, P. W., Pirog, R., Luther, L. and Vann, A., 2013. Keystone XL pipeline project: Key issues [online]. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service.
Penn-Roco, A., 2016. Standing Rock and the Erosion of Tribal Rights. National Lawyers Guild Review [online], 73 (3), 176-179.
Peter Roskam, 2015. Roskam: 2,303 Days is Long Enough - Time to Build Keystone XL. Peter Roskam [online], 9 January 2015. Available from: https://roskam.house.gov/media-center/press-releases/roskam-2303-days-is-long-enough-time-to-build-keystone-xl [Accessed 24 April 2017].
Peters, J. G. and Welch, S., 1978. Political Corruption in America: A Search for Definitions and a Theory, or If Political Corruption Is in the Mainstream of American Politics Why is it Not in the Mainstream of American Politics Research? American Political Science Review, 72 (3), 974-984.
Petroski, W., 2015. Branstad: Eminent D19omain OK for oil pipelines. The Des Moines register [online], 2 November 2015. Available from: http://www.desmoinesregister.com/story/news/politics/2015/11/02/branstad-eminent-domain-ok-oil-pipelines/75035466/ [Accessed 28 April 2017].
Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA), 2017. Pipeline Incident 20 Year Trends [online]. Washington DC: U.S. Department of Transportation. Available from: https://www.phmsa.dot.gov/pipeline/library/data-stats/pipelineincidenttrends [Accessed 28 April 2017].
ProPublica, 2017. Bailout Recipients [online]. New York: ProPublica. Available from: https://projects.propublica.org/bailout/list [Accessed 24 April 2017].
Rampton, S. and Stauber, J., 2002. Trust Us We're Experts! How Industry Manipulates Science and Gambles with Your Future. New York: Penguin Putnam Inc.
Revesz, R., 2016. Donald Trump officially backs Dakota pipeline, says it's 'nothing to do' with his investments. The Independent [online], 2 December 2016. Available from: http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/donald-trump-dakota-access-pipeline-support-investments-conflct-of-interest-a7453051.html [Accessed 27 April 2017].
Rodney Davis, 2017. Davis Statement on Keystone and Dakota Pipelines Executive Action. Rodney Davis [online], 24 January 2017. Available from: http://rodneydavis.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID=399232 [Accessed 18 May 2017].
Rozsa, M., 2017. Donald Trump will not release his tax returns at all, Kellyanne Conway says. Salon [online], 23 January 2017. Available from: http://www.salon.com/2017/01/23/donald-trump-will-not-release-his-tax-returns-at-all-kellyanne-conway-says/ [Accessed 24 May 2017].
Rounds For Senate, 2014. On the Issues [online]. South Dakota: Rounds for Senate. Available from: https://roundsforsenate.com/about/on-the-issues/ [Accessed 24 April 2017].
Saad, L., 2011. Americans Decry Power of Lobbyists, Corporations, Banks, Feds. Gallup [online], 11 April 2011. Available from: http://www.gallup.com/poll/147026/americans-decry-power-lobbyists-corporations-banks-feds.aspx [Accessed 28 April 2017].
Sanders, B., 2016. Our Revolution. London: Profile Books.
Siciliano, J., 2017. House Energy panel to begin heavy lift on Trump's infrastructure plan. Washington Examiner [online], 10 February 2017. Available from: http://www.washingtonexaminer.com/house-energy-panel-to-begin-heavy-lift-on-trumps-infrastructure-plan/article/2614521 [Accessed 18 May 2017].
Spithoven, A., 2016. The influence of vested interests in healthcare on legislation in the USA, 2009-2010. Journal of Economic Issues [online], 50 (2), 630-638.
Standing Rock Sioux Tribe v. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, No. 1:16-cv-01534 (JEB) (D.D.C. Sept. 5, 2016).
Standing Rock Sioux Tribe v. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, No. 1:16-cv-1534-JEB (D.D.C. Sept. 6, 2016).
Statista, 2017. Total lobbying spending in the U.S. 1998-2016 [online]. New York: Statista. Available from: https://www.statista.com/statistics/257337/total-lobbying-spending-in-the-us/ [Accessed 25 September 2017].
Stein, J., 2017. Read the leaked pages of Trump's 2005 tax returns. Vox [online], 14 March 2017. Available from: http://www.vox.com/2017/3/14/14930644/msnbc-trump-2005-tax-returns [Accessed 27 April 2017].
Sunoco Logistics, 2016. Sunoco Logistics Partners L.P. [online]. Pennsylvania: Sunoco Logistics.
The Guardian, 2017. Dakota Access Pipeline: Judge rules environmental study inadequate. The Guardian [online], 15 June 2017. Available from: https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/jun/14/dakota-access-pipeline-environmental-study-inadequate [Accessed 25 September 2017].
Thon Hartmann Program, 2015. President Jimmy Carter: The United States is an Oligarchy... [video, online]. YouTube. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hDsPWmioSHg [Accessed 18 May 2017].
Thorbecke, C., 2016. Why a Previously Proposed Route for the Dakota Access Pipeline Was Rejected. abc News [online], 3 November 2016. Available from: http://abcnews.go.com/US/previously-proposed-route-dakota-access-pipeline-rejected/story?id=43274356 [Accessed 28 April 2017].
Tormey D, 'Iowa Utilities Board approves Dakota Access pipeline permit with landowner protections' (Iowa Utilities Board News, 10 March 2016) <https://iub.iowa.gov/sites/default/files/files/media/releases/2016/0310-Board-Decision-Dakota-Access-Pipeline.pdf> accessed 6 May 2017
U.S. Rep. Rodney Davis., 2013. U.S. Rep. Rodney Davis speaks in favor of the Keystone XL pipeline project [video, online]. YouTube. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uEtp_Qz7oUA [Accessed 18 May 2017].
United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (2007) UN Doc A/RES/61/295.
United States Amery Corps of Engineers (USACE), 2016. Dakota Access Pipeline final EA and FONSI released for ND Section 408 crossings. US Army Corps of Engineers [online], 28 July 2016. Available from: http://www.nwo.usace.army.mil/Media/News-Releases/Article/878649/dakota-access-pipeline-final-ea-and-fonsi-released-for-nd-section-408-crossings/ [Accessed 28 April 2017].
United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), 2012. Decision Document Nationwide Permit 12. Washington DC: USACE.
United States National Archives and Records Administration, 2006. Code of Federal Regulations. Title 40. Terminology and Index.
United States Securities and Exchange Commission 2015. Current Report Energy Transfer Partners, L.P. [online]. Washington DC: United States Securities and Exchange Commission. Report 20549.
Volcovici, V. and Flitter, E., 2016. Trump taps climate change skeptic as energy advisor, pushes back on taxes. Reuters [online], 13 May 2016. Available from: http://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-election-idUSKCN0Y41PM [Accessed 18 May 2017].
Vote Smart, 2017. Jack Dalrymple [online]. Des Moines: Vote Smart. Available from: https://votesmart.org/candidate/campaign-finance/7706/jack-dalrymple#.WRyUHFKZMsl [Accessed 18 May 2017].
Vote Smart, 2017. Terry Branstad's Campaign Finances [online]. Des Moines: Vote Smart. Available from: https://votesmart.org/candidate/campaign-finance/21728/terry-branstad#.WQINrFKZMsk [Accessed 28 April 2017].
Wertheimer, F. and Manes, S., 1994. Campaign Finance Reform: Key to Restoring the Health of Our Democracy. Columbia Law Review 94 (4), 1126-115.
